Which muscle dysfunction leads to ptosis?

The muscle primarily responsible for elevating the upper eyelid is the levator palpebrae superioris. Dysfunction of this muscle results in ptosis, which is the drooping of the eyelid. This muscle is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) and works to open the eye. When it does not function properly, whether due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or other pathological issues, the eyelid cannot be lifted adequately, leading to the characteristic drooping associated with ptosis.

Understanding the roles of the other muscles helps to clarify why they are not associated with ptosis. The orbicularis oculi primarily functions to close the eyelid rather than elevate it. Muller's muscle, which also contributes to eyelid elevation, can play a secondary role in elevating the upper eyelid but is not the main muscle responsible for this action, and dysfunction here can lead to a less severe form of eyelid drooping. The constrictor pupillae muscle is involved in controlling the size of the pupil and has no direct role in eyelid position. Therefore, any dysfunction in the levator palpebrae superioris specifically leads to ptosis, highlighting its critical role in eyelid