What conditions can superficial neovascularization be associated with?

Superficial neovascularization refers to the growth of blood vessels in the cornea, typically in response to irritation or damage. This condition can occur as a result of superficial stimuli, such as chronic irritation from environmental factors, contact lenses, recurrent corneal erosion, or chronic conjunctivitis. These stimuli can lead to the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis.

While deep corneal ulcers and chronic systemic diseases can be associated with other forms of neovascularization, superficial neovascularization is specifically linked to more direct irritative factors impacting the surface of the cornea. This makes the association with superficial stimuli the most accurate choice in the context of the question, supporting the idea that the ocular surface's response to irritation can manifest as superficial neovascularization. Thus, the correct answer reflects the direct causes of this condition, underscoring the importance of recognizing environmental and local factors in ocular health.